Abraham Jacobs
Born: August 18, 1950, Germany
Death: April 29, 1913, Denver
Abraham Jacobs, born in Germany during 1850, [1] settled in Hamilton, Ohio where he married Frances Wisebart on Valentine’s day of 1863. [2] Some records place Abraham in Colorado as early as 1863, when he registered for a wholesale dealership license in Central City. [3] This would be consistent with the first recording in Colorado of his brother-in-law, Benjamin Wisebart, whose his first appearance is also noted as 1863. [4] During 1877, Abe was clearly established at Denver, where he was partnered with his brother-in-law in A. Jacobs & Co., an enterprise that appears to have started in 1863. [5]
Abe came to Leadville from Denver during 1880. [6] Until that point, he had operated a men’s clothing store located at 15th Street and Larimer in Denver. [7] In Leadville, Abe worked for a time as a clerk for Lew Shoenberg [8] at 120 E. Chestnut Street [9] where he also resided. [10] It is likely that Abe was scouting the business climate in Leadville; he only appears in Leadville directories for one year, never gave up his Denver operations or residence, and appears to have returned there before the winter of 1880. [11] There is no evidence that Frances Wisebart, their two children, Benjamin Wolf Jacobs (b. 1867) and Evalyn Jacobs (b. 1870), ever made the climbs to Leadville. Abraham is enumerated twice in the 1880 United States Census: once by himself in Leadville, and again with his wife, children, and sister-in-law, Lena Wisebart, (b. 1847), at the permanent family residence in Denver. [12]
Despite Abraham’s physical absence from Leadville, he remained an active figure in local business. He would eventually open a Leadville branch of A. Jacobs & Co., and partnered in several mining properties with Sam and Gus Cohen [13] and Phil Trounstine, who also managed the A. Jacobs & Co.’s Leadville enterprise. [14]
Advertisement for A. Jacobs & Co. in the Leadville Daily Herald, October 31, 1883. Page 4.
Courtesy of the Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection.
Advertisement for A. Jacobs & Co. in the Leadville Daily Herald, November 18, 1883. Page 4.
Courtesy of the Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection.
A. Jacobs & Co. maintained operations in Leadville at least until the end of 1883. [15] There is a notice in the newspaper about Abraham securing the Colorado rights to sell “Radam’s Microbe Killer,” a patent medicine, [16] but no evidence that he operated any retail outlet in Leadville after 1883. He quickly resurfaced, partnering with Phil Trounstine at A. Jacobs & Co. which boasted a large new building at the corner of 15th Street and Larimer in Denver. [17]
The Jacobs family remained in Denver. Frances, a former schoolteacher, became a driving philanthropic force and health care advocate in Denver. Known as the ‘Mother of Charities,’ she was instrumental in the founding of United Way, Denver’s Jewish Hospital Association, which evolved into National Jewish Hospital, and other organizations. Frances died in Denver, after a three-month-long bout with pneumonia, on November 3, 1892. [18] She was forty-nine. [19] Frances Wisebart Jacobs was inducted posthumously into both the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame and the National Women’s Hall of Fame for her philanthropic acts. [20]
Abe enjoyed reasonable success in Denver. The 1910 United States Census shows that he was sufficiently well off to support three of his sisters-in-law and a live in servant. [21] He would join Frances on April 29, 1913, [22] and is interred alongside her and their two children at Denver’s Emanuel cemetery. The inscription on his headstone reads: “I would be a friend to all, foe or friendless. I would be forgiving and forget the gift.” [23]
A. Jacobs & Co. at 364 Larimer Street in the heart of Denver’s bustling retail district during 1887.
History Colorado. “15th (Fifteenth) Street, Denver, 1887”. [CHS.X4526]. Denver, Colorado: Denver Public Library. 2023.
John Jacobs
Born: 1854, Germany
Death: Unknown
John Jacobs, who was born during 1854 in Germany, came to Leadville in 1880 from parts unknown. He lived in Abson Goldsol’s [24] pawnshop at 102 Chestnut Street [25] with two other notable Leadville Jews: Barnabas Harris [26] and Daniel Cohn. [27] John’s listed occupation is that of clothier working for the firm of Cohn & Harris which operated a small clothing shop in the same building. [28]
There is limited information about John and his time in Leadville. John was convicted of assault and battery in the police court on March 21, 1881 and fined $15. Further details on the case were not disclosed. [29] John is absent from Leadville records after the incident.
Louis Jacobs
Born: 1844, Germany
Death: Unknown
Mrs. Louis Jacobs
Born:
Died:
Louis Jacobs was born during 1844 in Germany. Lou, as he was most commonly referenced, first appears in the 1880 United States Census as a roommate of David Levi [30] living at 125 Harrison Avenue. [31] Lou initially worked as a clerk in the dry goods store owned by Joe Shoenberg, [32] located at 116 West Chestnut Street. [33] He remained with the Shoenberg firm during 1881 but would change his residence to 410 Harrison Avenue. [34]
During 1882, Lou moved his residence to the Lou Braham [35] clothing store but continued working for Joseph Shoenberg for a time. [36] In 1883, Lou began working for the Braham enterprise and moved his residence to 322 Harrison Avenue. [37] Shortly after this, Braham and Jacobs created an ownership group that signed a nine-month lease on the Alma Lode mining property with the estate of Sol Levy [38] on April 28. The group claimed they would work the property until a substantial strike was discovered [39] although none was ever reported during this time.
There is a notice in the February 7, 1885, edition of Leadville’s Carbonate Chronicle newspaper that Lou would soon leave for Aspen to open his own cigar shop there. [40] Although this likely occurred, he resurfaced in Leadville during 1886 as a clerk for David May; [41] he resided at 128½ East 3rd Street. [42] Lou continued working for May’s Leadville operation into 1889. He changed residences yearly during this period, to 138 West 4th Street in 1887, [43] and 124 East 8th Street in 1888. [44] Lou and his wife probably relocated to San Francisco in 1890. [45]
It is likely that “Mrs. Lou Jacobs” was with her husband for the entirety of his Leadville tenure, but her only local documentation is the couple’s attendance at the annual Strawberries & Ice Cream Festival Hop given by the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society on June 9, 1886. [46]
Israel Jacobs
Born: 1850, Russia
Died: September 22, 1923, New York City
Israel Jacobs was born in Russia during 1850 [47] and made his way to the United States in 1887. [48] Israel arrived at Leadville during the year of 1889 when he was recorded as a peddler residing at the Grand Hotel located at 129 Chestnut Street. [49]
It is unclear whether his wife, Rebecca, traveled with him to Leadville; she is undocumented in the Cloud City. The transient nature of his vocation as a peddler, and the added challenge of having three young children at the time, diminishes the likelihood of Israel’s family in Leadville. Israel Jacobs had two documented stints in Leadville, the first in 1889 and again in 1892. Neither tenure passed without controversy.
On August 6, 1889, Israel, who worked for an unknown enterprise, was called into a cabin while conducting sales calls in Stringtown [50] by potential customers wanting to examine his goods. They bought one dollar’s worth of merchandise, then relieved Israel of his remaining stock on hand and refused to return it. When Israel turned to the Leadville police to file a complaint, he was told he would need to pay for a warrant in order to have the thieves arrested, which he refused. [51] On October 22, Israel was arrested and jailed on a charge of threatening the life of Manny Cane [52] and, although the details are not entirely clear, it appears that this was related to the Stringtown robbery a few months earlier. According to the narrative, Israel engaged in a violent discord with another inmate while in jail that evening and lost several teeth as a result. [53] Although Israel disappeared from Leadville records for some time after this, the case’s disposition was not necessarily the motivating factor in his departure. Due to his occupation, he may have been needed at other mining camps.
Israel returned to Leadville during 1892 and formed a retail dry goods enterprise with local miner and Orthodox Cantor Nathan Miller. [54] They opened a storefront at 127 West Chestnut. [55] Nathan and his wife, Minnie, managed the physical shop while Israel was responsible for outside sales. He took up residence at 105 E. 6th Street. [56] Israel was again arrested on June 13, 1892. This time he was charged with stealing some $200 worth of goods from the Miller & Jacobs store. [57] Israel had attempted to take merchandise from the store’s inventory to finance a peddling trip to Granite, Colorado, when Nathan’s wife Minnie objected to the plan. She pushed Israel out the door and locked it behind him. But Israel kicked in the door. The police, having witnessed the ruckus from outside, immediately arrested him. While the case was dismissed due to lack of evidence, the damage to Nathan and Israel’s relationship proved irreconcilable. [58] The partnership dissolved and Israel left town soon afterward. [59] A dissolution notice appeared in The Herald Democrat newspaper less than a week after the altercation declaring the demise of the Miller & Jacobs partnership; debts to the firm were paid directly to Nathan Miller with the exclusion of Israel. [60] Once again, Israel left town following his brush with justice.
Following his tenure in Leadville, Israel appears to have occasionally retried his hand as a traveling salesman, [61] but primarily worked as a cutter in New York City clothing factories. [62] By the turn of the Twentieth Century, Israel and Rebecca had nine living children. [63] This was probably a contributing factor in Israel’s decision to stick to more stable employment as a factory worker. Israel maintained a New York City residence until his death from unknown causes on September 22, 1923. [64] He is interred at Mt. Hebron cemetery in Flushing, New York. [65]
Shown in the lower right, the Grand Hotel on Chestnut Street circa 1879.
Courtesy of the Colorado Mountain History Collection at the Lake County Public Library.
00483CC. 1879. Colorado Mountain History Collection, Lake County Public Library, Leadville, Colorado. http://69.146.43.46:8081/pages/search.php.
Isidore ”Sam” Jacobs
Born: 1842, New York
Died: March 25, 1893, Denver
Anna Maria (Scheer) Jacobs
Born: 1850, Chicago
Died: Unknown
Sam Jacobs and his wife, Maria, most likely came to Leadville from Chicago during 1877. Both Sam and Maria, both highly industrious, operated successful cigar stands located around the city of Leadville. The couple also engaged socially with the community, participating in local events, politics, and some mining speculation. Sam, reputed to be a great party host, [66] was a founding member and officer of the Tabor House Company and a volunteer with the Leadville volunteer fire department, Leadville’s first fully-organized firefighting unit. [67]
Early records for the Isidore A.K.A. “Sam” Jacobs household are limited to a few newspaper articles. They first appeared in the city directories during 1880; they were listed as cigar merchants operating a stand at 220 Harrison Ave. and made their home at 111 E. 3rd Street. [68] The couple maintained this address through 1881. [69] Sam belonged to the Elks, Progress, and Knights of Pythias lodges [70] and Maria sold tobacco and pipes alongside her husband. [71] The Jacobs’ duo were known for stocking a wide variety of Meerschaum pipes, their specialty. Sam gave an elegant Meerschaum pipe to Con Featherly during the Christmas holiday of 1880, [72] likely a promotional gesture for the Jacobs’ cigar business.
This Austrian Meerschaum pipe from 1880 would be an example of the types of pipes the Jacob’s specialized in.
Christie’s Inc. “A Large Austrian Meerschaum Pipe”. New York City, New York. Live Auction 3625. The Trevor Barton Collection of Unusual Smoking Pipes. 2023.
On April 8, 1881 Sam’s firehouse responded to the second huge conflagration in Leadville over the course of a week. The fire claimed most of the Denver Lodging House on Chestnut Street. [73] The following day, while inspecting the damage, Sam found a rooster on the third floor. Overcome by smoke inhalation, it nevertheless managed to survive. Sam took the bird back to the firehouse, where it recovered and lived out his days in the company of the unit’s horses. [74] On May 28, Sam purchased one half of the Raymond Lode from Maurice Coffey for $100. [75] On December 3, Maria gave Sam a custom gold watch with Walthan works, monogrammed with his initials, and enclosed in a case crafted by local jeweler [76] Hiram Brodie. [77] Sam and Maria were among the dancing couples attending the Chanukah Ball at City Hall on December 29. [78]
During 1882, the couple moved their residence to 218 Harrison Ave. [79] Maria donated a meerschaum pipe to the Catholic Fair in January. [80] Sam became a member of the Harrison Hook & Ladder Company [81] and was also unanimously elected to the post of assistant fire chief on April 7. [82]
Sam was at this post for the infamous Palace of Fashion Fire, an act of arson that destroyed most of the southeastern block of Chestnut at Harrison Avenue on May 19, 1882. The event and subsequent trials for arson and murder dominated the Leadville news during the rest of the year and the spring of 1883. Five Leadville Jews, Reinhold Rosendorf, [83] J.A. Kamak, [84] Reuben Weil, [85] Fred Butler, [86] and Maurice Zippert, [87] who stood accused of arson and murder were acquitted of all charges, due in large part to the confession of Jack Brogan, one of Sam’s subordinate firemen, who started the fire in an effort to see which of Leadville’s three fire companies would arrive first. The chaotic response by Leadville’s volunteer fire departments led to infighting between the firehouses and city council. As a result, all volunteer fire departments were dissolved a few weeks after the incident.
Sam was a director of the newly-formed Leadville Blues Baseball Club, which was founded on May 2, 1882. [88] The appointment was short-lived; Sam was replaced, in absentia, at the next monthly meeting. [89] In July, a new volunteer firefighting organization launched, and permitted only veteran firefighters to join. Largely ceremonial, the unit represented the city in firefighting competitions. Sam attended and was elected as an officer at the inaugural meeting of the Fireman’s Association of Leadville on July 17. The new volunteers, who were not permitted to answer general alarms, could be pressed into service only in an emergency — and even then, only at the request of the full-time professional fire department. [90] Apparently the organization did not disband and continued engaging in fire drill competitions. Sam remained with the unit despite being noted as “…one of the oldest firemen in Leadville.” [91]
On February 3, 1883 Sam won a piano in a drawing and immediately presented it to Maria. [92] On September 10, Sam and two other volunteer firemen responded to a house fire at Hemlock and 6th Street. Although the home was completely engulfed, the firefighters kept the flames from spreading to other structures. [93] The Jacobs were among many guests at the Lyon’s wedding reception at Turner Hall on October 29. [94] Sam and Maria now operated two cigar shops, one in St. Anne’s Rest at 220 Harrison Avenue and another in Shaw’s at 619 Harrison Avenue. [95]
Sam testified in the case of The People V. Jack Brogan in October of 1882. This arson trial, unrelated to the earlier Palace of Fashion Fire of May 19, concerned an incident that Brogan later tried to pull off at the Famous Shoe store for the same reasons. Brogan was ultimately convicted for attempting to set fire to the shoe store. [96] In May of 1882, five Jewish businessmen stood trial for the aforementioned fire in which the Palace of Fashion, the Hotel Windsor, and the southern side of Chestnut Street burned to the ground. The matter was set for trial in March of 1883. After the Palace of Fashion trial began in 1883, Brogan, already convicted of the Famous Shoe arson and serving his sentence at the state penitentiary in Canon City, confessed to the Palace of Fashion blaze. [97] Brogan’s confession directly exonerated two of the five defendants, Reinhold Rosendorf and his roommate, Maurice Zippert. The other three, Palace of Fashion Manager Fred Butler and his two employees J.A. Kamack and Reuben Weil, were found not guilty by the jury. [98] Brogan and his two accomplices were all Leadville volunteer firemen. [99]
The immediate aftermath of the Palace of Fashion conflagration cast a dark cloud over the three fire houses. Newly-elected Alderman C. C. Joy was on the scene of that fire. Horrified and appalled by the behavior of Leadville’s finest, who were accused of multiple nefarious activities including consuming liquor looted from stores and a general lack of effort, Joy vehemently denounced their demeanor. He was quoted by witnesses as publicly castigating the firemen on site, calling them “…a set of drunken sons of bitches,” while witnesses accused Joy of physically assaulting one fireman, Andrew King. [100]
On May 20, all three companies of the Leadville Volunteer Fire Department held an indignation meeting attended by all members. The heart of the meeting was taking action against Alderman Joy. Flared tempers were fueled by the presence of former City Alderman Mitchell Dawes, who criticized Joy and further exacerbated the already heated discourse. Andrew King, the fireman assaulted by Joy, was injured in the exchange and suffered three broken ribs as a result of Joy kicking him several times. In hindsight, one can fairly speculate that the overall conduct and performance of the fire departments during the Palace of Fashion fire were dishonorable and clearly ineffective. That said, Alderman Joy’s inappropriate assault of the firefighters undoubtedly compromised efforts to extinguish it. [101]
The meeting resulted in a letter to the city council composed by the senior members of the three firehouses that admonished Joy for his behavior and threatened to disband if something wasn’t done about it:
Gentlemen- At an indignation meeting of the Fire Department of the City of Leadville, held this 20th day of May, 1882, it was unanimously voted to express our deep indignation of the remarks and treatment received at the hands of Alderman C.C. Joy. Your ordinances require us at all time, especially at a fire, to be under the directions of our chief engineer and his assistant.
We therefore ask of you whether the expressions given utterance to by said Alderman, calling the fireman ‘a set of drunken sons of bitches’, and his actions in knocking down and kicking one of our members, is an expression and the feeling of your honorable body. If this be the case, you cannot consistently expect us to any longer remain members of the Leadville fire department.
Respectfully submitted,
Committee
Harrison Hook and Ladder Co., by
C. E. Wyman
Sam Jacobs
Committee
H.A.W. Tabor Hose Co,. by
M. Dawes
F.H. Officer
Committee
Humphrey Hose Co., by
Matt Medill
Harry B. Kantner
[102]
Reports of the firemen’s impropriety ran rampant in the following days. Accusations included looting, stealing bottles of liquor that they consumed while on duty, and one mention of a fireman redirecting his hose from the flames to shower a crowd of spectators. In response to the letter, the Leadville City Council abolished the volunteer system in favor of professional firemen within days of the incident. [103] As an officer of the volunteer system, Sam was welcomed into the new professional fire department. [104] He was also present at the celebratory dinner that followed the acquittal of the Jewish men accused in the Palace of Fashion Fire on March 23, 1883. [105]
Later, in December of 1883, Sam’s 220 Harrison Avenue location was severely damaged by water as a result of a large fire next door at the Texas House. [106] However, this was not the only serious incident in December that affected Sam’s businesses. On December 27, while Sam was tending his cigar stand in St. Anne’s Rest on Harrison Avenue, a shootout erupted between Mat Wells and John Kerr at the Saloon. The two men were obviously unexperienced gunfighters. Once the smoke cleared, witnesses saw that Kerr had been fatally wounded and six bystanders were injured, including an elderly man who passed away from his wounds. Sam escaped injury but both the saloon and the cigar stand were heavily damaged. [107]
Sam, an avid baseball fan, continued supporting the White Stockings (officially renamed the Cubs in 1906) after leaving his adopted hometown of Chicago for Leadville. On July 21, Sam predicted the White Stockings would capture the National League pennant. [108] Sam’s pronouncement proved accurate. Chicago finished the season with a 55-29 record, three games ahead of the Providence Grays, [109] who later had the distinction of winning the first World Series in 1884 before folding after the 1885 season. [110] Maria won a fine silver tea set in a competition against Mrs. Hall at the county fair on July 10, but the newspaper article failed to mention the competitive category.
During 1883, [111] the couple attended the Hebrew Ladies Ball at Germania Hall on January 19. [112] The news noted that Sam had a “streak of luck,” although it did not specify whether it was in business, mining or gambling. The windfall was sufficient enough for Sam to buy two elegant Roman bracelets, each set with five diamonds, for Maria. [113] The couple was present at the Purim Masque Bal on March 22. [114] Sam endorsed Fred Schaefer’s candidacy for Leadville city alderman. [115] He also was chosen as the official scorekeeper for a billiards match between Robert M. Day of nearby Kokomo and John Tyler of Leadville. Day won the match and the $500 purse. [116] Reports show that Sam was partnered in the Raymond mine on Battle Mountain which had a significant mineral deposit of gold and silver near the surface. [117] The owners leased the mine to Judson Kelly in May. [118] Maria attended the Letter Carriers’ Ball on May 9 [119] and the sixth annual Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society Ball on October 8. [120] Sam was a floor attendant at the Fireman’s Ball on October 11; proceeds were used to purchase new uniforms for the firefighter drill team. [121] Sam and Maria were guests at the wedding of Colonel Fritz Lottes and Caroline Krezdorn on November 25. They gave the happy couple a silver pincushion as a gift. [122] Sam and Maria were both present at that year’s Chanukah Festival at City Hall on December 29. [123]
During 1884, Sam went to work as a barkeeper for Bertrand Leppel. [124] Apparently Sam temporarily suspended the operation of his cigar stands. Sam was called as juror for the trial of Fiedler vs. London Mining Company while in Denver; he was appointed foreman the day before the trial. According to Sam, he ran into his friend, John Herrick, general manager of the London Mining Company, at the Hotel Windsor (Denver) that evening. During their conversation, Sam requested a loan of $25 which he would repay upon his return to Leadville. Concerned about any accusations of impropriety, Herrick told Sam he would need to check with his lawyer, who not only instructed his client to deny the loan but reported the request to the judge. [125] Sam was sentenced to three months imprisonment and a $500 fine by the United States District Court in Denver on January 4, 1884. [126] Sam did not appeal the decision and began his three-month stint in the Denver County Jail on January 7. [127]
A few weeks after his conviction, the Leadville Daily Herald allowed Sam to submit an editorial response to the charges:
Denver, Colo., January 26, 1884.
Editor Herald:
Dear Sir- My Attention has been called to the above article published in the Leadville News, and I ask a little of your valuable space in order to correct an error, as it may convey a wrong impression to the many friends in Leadville, I congratulate myself that I still retain, under adverse and malicious prosecution. I was not found guilty of “Tampering with the Jurors,” but merely of making an individual remark in reply to the question of one of the jurors, outside of the jury room. Which by some designing hearer was wafted to the ears of certain parties interested in the case, and to show their virtuous zeal for the purity of the jury box, and also having gained their case, immediately made ill use of the expression, and the fact that I requested a loan of enough money to return to Leadville from one of the parties to the suit, being acquainted with him, and which loan would have been repaid on my return to Leadville, to make me the scapegoat, as to clear their skirts of any suspicion that might exist in the minds of the public. I, conscious of my innocence, introduced nothing in defense, and thus fell victim to these would be upholders of the majesty of the law and persecutors of myself.
My conduct was only unbecoming to a jury, and solely through my ignorance, and for that I was punished as an example to future jurors to say nothing. But conscious of my own integrity I believe that
Stone walls do not a prison make
Nor iron bars a cage
And this and time will make all things right and vindicate me with all my friends.
Respectfully Yours,
SAM JACOBS”
[128]
During Sam’s absence, Maria attended the annual Purim Bal Masque on March 11 in a costume described by the papers as “Patti,” [129] and went to the Policeman’s Ball at City Hall on May 23. [130] She was present at the Strawberries & Ice Cream Festival given by the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Association on June 12 [131] and was among 300 members of the Patriotic Sons of America at their Fourth of July celebration. [132] Maria went to the Letter Carriers’ Ball on May 16 [133] and the Simchat Torah festival on October 10. [134]
During 1885, the couple received less attention in the newspapers than previous years, but remained socially active. [135] Sam and Maria attended the Grand Festival and Dance for the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society on June 12, [136] the Turn Verien Society rail excursion and the Simchat Torah Ball at City Hall on September 25. [137] While their life stayed rather subdued in 1886, [138] Sam and Maria attended the wedding of Louis Mueller and Sophia Gers on January 21. [139] Sam, whose brush with juror tampering did not seem to hurt his status among his peers, was chosen as a delegate to the Republican Convention. [140] The Jacobs couple attended the annual Purim Bal Masque on March 25 [141] as well as David and Fannie Heller’s twenty-fifth wedding anniversary party on October 8, 1886; they gave the long tenured couple silver salt and pepper shakers as a gift. [142]
By 1887, the couple again moved [143] their home to 123 West 4th. [144] On Memorial Day, when most people took time to honor soldiers, Sam placed fresh flowers on the graves of fallen Leadville firemen. [145] Sam, now foreman of the Leadville competitive firefighter corps, brokered a deal with Mayor George B. Cook that entitled team members to draw pay for victories because many members had to take time off work to practice. [146] Four members of Sam’s team were badly injured during a practice session on August 3. The team was on a practice run on Harrison Avenue in front of a crowd of spectators when a small dog ran into the street. It was kicked and retreated. Moments later, another larger and somewhat aggressive dog darted on the course. This time a fireman attempted to kick away the dog but slipped, causing several other men to fall in the path of the succeeding hose cart. Injuries were sufficiently serious to warrant medical attention which was administered at the Tabor Grand Hotel. Two of the four men sustained bad injuries: one broke his leg and another damaged his knee. The incident resulted in a mayoral order banning dogs along Harrison Avenue during practice runs. [147]
Sam was among a contingent of Leadvillians who, on October 7, 1887, presented a gold badge to William Allen honoring his service as the captain and trainer of the Leadville Running Hose Team. [148] Sam ran for the office of city alderman in March. [149] In June, he was among a group of Leadville residents awarding a custom diamond badge to C. E. Joy who, in spite of his rather unethical behavior during the Palace of Fashion fire of 1882, was celebrating his election to a third term as city alderman. [150] In a sarcastic note in the personals column, The Herald Democrat mentioned that Sam had been called upon to deliver a lecture on temperance in August. [151] Maria attended the Simchat Torah Festival on October 10. [152] In November, Sam left Leadville for his espoused hometown of Chicago to purchase new fixtures for the saloon he intended to open on West 5th Street in 1888. [153] Sam was among several members of the Leadville competitive firemen’s team to report that he had not yet been reimbursed for his expenses. [154]
Sam opened his new saloon during 1888 at 102 East 5th Street. [155] The Jacobs couple attended a welcome home party for Florence Shoenberg [156] and Mathilda Baer [157] on February 3 at City Hall. The two ladies had returned to Leadville after an extended European holiday. [158] In July, the Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle reported an incident that occurred in Sam’s saloon while imbibing in libations with an old friend. It is unclear whether Jacobs became intoxicated or was the victim of some kind of poisoning. The article transcribed below allows readers to draw their own conclusions:
Mr. Jacob’s Joke
Mr. Sam Jacobs was standing in his doorway on Thursday when he espied a gentleman he had not seen for a number of years. Mr. Jacobs is nothing if not generous, and after renewing old acquaintances, he invited the stranger to take a drink. The Stranger was obliging and accompanied Mr. Jacobs to his palatial resort. After various old time topics had been discussed and the red fluid had been washed away, the stranger said: “Well, you have set ‘em up now have a drink with me.” Mr. Jacobs started to reach for the bottle when he was very much amazed to see the stranger put his hand in a rear pocket and produce a flask, saying at the same time, “I insist on you smiling with me.”
Mr. Jacobs was seen later by a reporter for this paper, and was able to sit up and take a little nourishment.
“ You can talk about frogs in Hell with broken backs, “ Said Mr. Jacobs, “but they are not a marker to me. The man was an old friend of mine, and I was never so astonished in my life. I think a trip to Glenwood Springs would benefit my health”.
Mr. Jacobs then sat back on the embroidered cushions where he was reclining and begged to be let alone. [159]
Sam took part in the decision to send the Tabor House Company to a grand competition in Aspen in the spring of 1888. [160] In anticipation of the upcoming presidential election, Sam went about town offering to wager $500 on Benjamin Harrison to any and all takers. [161] Milton Charles bet his beard against Benjamin Harrison with Billy Loomis and Billy Martin. After his loss, Martin and Loomis let Charles keep his beard intact, until one cold day when they saw Sam Jacobs without a cover for his balding head; they cashed in on their bet by having Charles shave his beard, which they made into a wig for Sam. [162] Sam had an abundant sense of humor and enjoyed practical jokes. For example, he snuck firecrackers into the bunghole of a barrel upon which one of his customers was seated. The detonation of said fireworks caused the man to jump to the ceiling over the saloon porch. Sam made up afterward by treating his victim to beer and pretzels. [163]
Sam did not participate in the 1888 Fourth of July celebration which drew some 8,000 Leadvillians to Harrison Avenue. The paper claimed Sam was burdened by “domestic duties” and “rural retirement”. [164] A week later, Sam and Jack Harverly hosted a large party at the Saddle Rock Restaurant, but the reason for the celebration was omitted. [165] Sam presented each of his Knights of Pythias brothers with a boutonnière following their involvement in the city’s Independence Day parade; the newspaper noted that members were not permitted to wear flowers while performing. [166] Later that month, Sam had an addition constructed in the rear of his saloon, [167] probably to accommodate a gambling parlor. Sam, who had an interest in aeronautics, financed construction to build a hot air balloon for a global expedition. [168] He also was invested in a mine near Red Cliff which had a significant strike in July that initially produced three carloads of ore for the Leadville smelters. [169] The property was one of fifteen claims between Red Cliff and Minturn that Sam and his partners originally began working in 1880. [170]
On June 12, 1889, [171] Sam was visited by City Marshall O.M. White and Police Magistrate L.F. Long. Authorities had discovered that Sam was running a gambling parlor. He was arrested and informed that if he gave the men a $25 bond he would not go to jail. Sam paid the bond in-house to avoid arrest and the following morning paid an additional $15 fine to the police court. This raised serious questions for the city council, which suspected that Sam and the other gambling house owners were told that if they paid a regular monthly fee they could continue operating their gaming enterprises “without molestation” from city officials. During July, the city council then filed charges against Mayor Robert J. Coleman, City Marshall O.M. White, and Police Magistrate L.F. Long with “Conduct unbecoming a judicial officer and prejudicial to good order and morality.” In three separate charges, Long was accused of imposing a fee on three different gambling halls owned by Andrew Grundle, Sig Simon, [172] and Sam Jacobs that would enable the gambling establishments to “…be allowed to operate a gambling hall without molestation on the part of the police force of the City of Leadville. [173] The three men were called in front of the city council to answer the charge of conduct unbecoming a public official. After the council heard the testimony of Sam, Grundle, and Simon, who explained that Long and White never implied that this was a licensing fee, but a fine imposed for illegal activity. The three witnesses told similar stories. The following transcript describes the situation through Sam Jacobs’ eyes:
(Sam Jacobs) “… Long and White called at my place on June 12 a little after 8 o’clock in the evening, when the conversation turned on gambling and they said they knew it was going on and they were going round on their own responsibility to see if they could collect money as revenue for the city from gambling. I was asked what fine I considered right and I replied that I thought $25 was enough. They left, were gone about an hour, when they returned, and the marshal said “You can consider yourself under arrest and that you can either go with us or put up a bond.” I put up $25. Next morning I appeared at police court and was fined $15 and costs. Long said I must not think that this was a guarantee, as I was liable to be pulled and fined again if caught gambling.”
(City Council) “They said that the city was going behind in its finances and $25 would be the fine?”
(S.J.) “They did not say it in that way; they asked me what would be right.”
(C.C.) “Did you pay the $25 before you were arrested?”
(S.J.) “I did not.”
(C.C.) “Two or three days did not intervene between the first interview and the time you were arrested?”
(S.J.) “No sir; I was arrested the same evening.”
(C.C.) “Was gambling going on in your house at that time?”
(S.J.) “No, sir.”
(C.C.) “Were there promises made?”
(S.J.) “None.”
(C.C.) “Did you give them any money personally?”
(S.J.) “Not a cent.”
(C.C.) “Had you any understanding with them as to your fine?”
(S.J.) “Only what I said myself.”
(C.C.) “You had either go to jail or give $25 as bonds?”
(S.J.) “Yes sir.”
(C.C.) “Did they make any promise to you or agreement about the future?”
(S.J.) “None.”
(C.C.) “Did they ever demand any money from you to permit you to gamble?”
(S.J.) “No sir.” [174]
The mayor, magistrate and city marshal were found not guilty. [175] Still, the incident left Sam feeling a bit uncomfortable about social interactions. The Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle reported on July 12 that Sam had “…withdrawn himself from the vulgar public gaze…” [176] after opening his “gentlemen’s club.” [177]
Sam’s mining ventures started to pay off throughout 1889. Both the Cleopatra and Spirit mines near Red Cliff had 200 tons of ore that yielded $100 per ton in gold and silver; another 500 tons were anticipated from the recent strike. [178] Sam built a delegation of old volunteer firemen to participate in Denver’s firefighter competition. While the city of Leadville did not field a team, an independent delegation was formed by Sam, Will Bacon, and Walter Pollard. [179] Sam became a founding member of the Leadville Gun Club which was formed on September 12. [180] He received the rare gift of two interlocked deer antlers, trophies that formerly crowned the heads of two young bucks who fought to the death, from Surrock & Lindsay on September 19. [181] Maria attended the Simchat Torah Ball on October 18 [182] in addition to a masquerade ball on Halloween where she dressed as a “washer woman.” Maria was awarded a puff box for the most grotesque costume. [183] In October, local hunter W.C. Swinburne killed his first bear, an 800-pound grizzly. Impressed by the feat, Sam hung the bear outside his saloon on East 5th Street. [184] In the locals’ section of the November 11 Carbonate Chronicle, Sam noted that he was opposed to taking cold baths at that time of year. [185]
In 1890, Sam accepted a position as the manager of The Leadville Club Rooms [186] located in The Rialto [187] at 322 Harrison Avenue. [188] Sam also treated his customers to a free turkey lunch celebrating the re-opening of his cigar stand at 102 East 5th Street on March 6. [189] The re-opening was short-lived. The Rialto folded on May 14, also declared Sam’s retirement day. [190] Maria returned to Chicago for the first time in eleven years to visit friends. [191]
Sam dissolved his last saloon partnership in Leadville on May 14, 1890, citing retirement. [192] Although newspaper articles about Sam and Maria started dwindling after 1890, [193] Sam showed up at the third annual Leadville Firemen’s Ball on November 2. [194]
Denver’s historic Brown Palace Hotel (photograph: circa 1900) had been open every day since August 12, 1892 until April 7, 2020, when for the first time the building was temporarily shuttered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
History Colorado. “The Brown Palace, Denver”. Accession number: 96.69.140; History Colorado. [CHS.X5284]. Denver Public Library. 2023.
Joe Rubino. The Brown Palace is closed for the first time in its 128-year history. Denver, Colorado: The Denver Post. Media News Group. April 7, 2020.
On April 5, 1892, Maria’s sister, Olivet Scheer, married Julius Mahnke. Sam and Maria hosted the wedding reception at their home. [195] Maria was appointed to the position as Head of Housekeeping for the legendary Brown Palace Hotel in Denver. Reports say the couple would remove to Denver permanently once the hotel opened. [196] Sam and Maria officially departed Leadville for their new rooms at the Brown Palace in Denver on June 18, 1892. [197]
Tragically, the Jacobs’ interlude in their elegant new surroundings came to an abrupt end on March 23, 1893 when Sam was killed in a buggy accident. [198] The following article, extracted from The Herald Democrat, relates the details of the incident:
Well Known Here
Sam Jacobs Receives Fatal Injuries by Being Thrown From a Buggy
Sam Jacobs Though Wounded Internally Won’t Believe Himself Badly Hurt
Denver, March 24. Joe Lowe and Samuel Jacobs took a pleasure drive last evening, behind a spirited horse, which formerly belonged to the fire department. Near the corner of Fifteenth and California Streets the animal became frightened at something, and began to run away. Both men grabbed for the lines and in the struggle which ensued Mr. Jacobs was thrown out onto the pavement. The police ambulance took him to the Brown Palace, where he resides, and at which place he died at 2 o’clock this morning. The horse ran against a post and broke his neck. Lowe was not injured.
Dr. J. Wallace Collins, who was passing at the time of the accident, was called in, and after careful examination saw nothing to indicate any serious result to Mr. Jacobs. The latter, however, refused to remove his clothing to allow a closer examination, but insisted he was not badly hurt. Dr. Collins did not prescribe for him.
Mr. Jacobs, who apparently was not badly injured and chatted pleasantly, was taken to the apartments of his wife, who is the housekeeper at the Brown Palace. Here he refused to allow Police Surgeon Wheeler to examine him, still insisting he was not badly injured. Here, however, he rapidly lost consciousness, and after spitting considerable blood he sank into a state of coma, from which he never rallied. The efforts of Dr. Flemming, who was hastily summoned, were unavailing.
The remains of the dead man were prepared and ready for shipment to Chicago, but the coroner interfered as there had been no death certificate issued. The doctors who attended Mr. Jacobs refused to sign a certificate because of his objection to being thoroughly examined. He undoubtedly died from internal injuries received in the runaway, and the coroner, after examining the body, decided to hold no inquest but to permit burial. [199]
This was not Sam’s first serious encounter with fire horses, experiences that may have clouded his judgment about further medical examination in this ultimately fatal case. A decade earlier he had a similar experience when a Leadville fire horse, coincidentally named Sam, [200] kicked Jacobs in the head at State (now 2nd Street ) and Harrison Avenue. [201]
Sam may have been the first founding member of the B.O.P.E. Lodge 236 to die. A stain glass member memorial is currently exhibited in the lodge, and Sam Jacobs is the first name listed on the first panel. [202] On December 3, 1893, follows of Elks lodge 236 gathered at the Tabor Opera House in Leadville for Sam’s memorial service. The following excerpts describing the service were retrieved from The Herald Democrat:
We as an order, have been called upon twice to submit to the severance of fraternal associations by the visitation of death to Brothers Samuel Jacobs and William Kellogg. By fraternal ties and obligations they opened their hearts to the inspection of their brothers, and disclosed the bright, sparkling gems of nobleness of character and benevolence of soul that well fitted them to belong to the Order of Elks. The brotherhood discovered the real good in their composition, that the world could only in a slight measure see. The memory of the good that was in them we cherish; their loss to our order and the community we deplore.
During the ceremonies, also, the roll call of the honored dead was called. As the names of Samuel Jacobs and William Kellogg were called, there was a profound silence for a moment, when the exalted ruler announced, in slow and solemn tones, “They are dead.” [203]
Maria, who resumed visiting friends and relatives in Leadville after Sam’s death, [204] was bound, gagged, and robbed in Denver on November 8, 1894. Although she reportedly had large amount of cash on her person, the offenders found little of it. [205] She did continue to return to Leadville to see friends. [206]
It is unclear when Maria died. The 1900 United States Census places her as an employee of the Brown Palace Hotel residing in the rooms of Nathaniel “Maxey” Tabor. [207] Maria’s last documentation in Denver appeared in 1908; she was still residing and working at the Brown Palace. [208] By 1910 she had returned to Chicago, where she lived in the home of her nephew, Samuel Harris. [209] Although Maria’s date of death cannot be confirmed, both she and “Issie,” as Sam was known to his family, are interred in the Cohen family mausoleum at Waldheim Cemetery [210] in Chicago. [211]
Samuel “Sam” “The Merchant Tailor” Jacobs
Born: 1867, New York City
Died: Unknown
Minnie Jacobs (wife of Samuel)
Born: 1867, Germany
Died: Unknown
Fannie (Jacobs) Aultman
Born: September 10, 1887, New York City
Died: Unknown
Harry Isadore Jacobs
Born: March 22, 1889, New York City
Died: February 6, 1961, Denver
Anna (Jacobs) Bloom
Born: January 2, 1891, New York City
Died: Unknown
Paulina (Jacobs) Kartusky
Born: December, 1891, Long Island, New York
Died: Unknown
Infant Jacobs
Stillborn: Leadville, April 14, 1893
Samuel Jacobs, “The Merchant Tailor,” was born in New York in 1862. While the precise date of the family’s arrival in Central City, Colorado is unknown, they are listed there in the 1870 United States Census; the Jacobs’ eldest daughter, Sarah, was born in New York in 1868. [212] From there the family moved to Denver prior to 1885, where Sam’s father, Isaac, worked as a gardener. [213] By 1885, the family had relocated again, this time to Boulder, Colorado. [214] Sam probably left the comforts of the family’s Boulder home shortly afterward and returned to New York City where he married Minnie in 1887. Already an established tailor, Sam, Minnie, and their four children Fannie, [215] Anna, [216] Isadore, and Pauline rose to the higher strata of Leadville society during 1892 as Sam “The Merchant Tailor” advanced his career in the clothing trade. [217] He started his tailoring career working for Kenneth Matheson’s firm at 605 Harrison Avenue and rented a room at 132 East 7th Street. [218] The first social mentions of the family were documented on June 30,when Minnie attended the annual Strawberries & Ice Cream Festival Hop at City Hall. [219]
Sam and Minnie did have one child in Leadville, a stillborn baby boy on April 14, 1893, who was interred at the Leadville Hebrew cemetery. [220] The “Infant Jacobs” is one of six children in the cemetery whose gravesites have not been located.
Sam, who apparently valued developing his trade over social activities, made the occasional appearance at social functions. He was on the list of attendees at the Strawberries & Ice Cream Festival given by the Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Association on June 15, 1893. [221] At some point that year, Sam left the Matheson firm and partnered with Sam Ehrlich [222] in a clothing enterprise. However, this union was a brief one: Ehrlich dissolved the partnership in December because he planned to move his family to Salt Lake and start a new business. In the following weeks, Ehrlich opened new accounts all over town, contracted clothing to be made for his children, and departed Leadville for Utah without paying for these debts. [223] He was subsequently arrested in Ogden, Utah, and extradited to Leadville where he stood trial for his misdeeds. [224]
In 1894, Sam opened his own clothing store his own store at 218 Harrison Avenue. [225] Sam was elected to the office of physician for the Woodman of the World Silver Camp No. 12. He accepted the position in a ceremony on January 6. [226] By 1895, Sam’s business was in full swing employing a staff of five tailors who also shared his home at 225 West 5th Street. [227]
On February 6, 1896, Sam shuttered his Leadville operations and moved about 100 miles south to Victor, Colorado. [228] Sometime in 1897, the family had returned to New York City where they had two more children: Louis in 1897 and Bessie in 1900. [229] Perhaps lured by the call of the west, the family made their way back to Denver by the spring of 1902. [230] The return to Denver solidified their religious foundations [231] and they joined Beth HaMedrosh Hagodol (B.M.H.) synagogue where both Anna and Paulina attended Sunday School. [232] Sam and Minnie continued raising their family and running a successful tailoring enterprise for the better part of two decades before packing up Pauline and Louis and moving to Newark, New Jersey. [233]
Fannie Jacobs married Jake Aultman in Denver on December 30, 1906. [234] Although the marriage did not last, the couple did produce two sons: Frank (b. 1909) and Carl (b. 1913). Fannie would divorce Jake and relocate to Seattle with her children by 1920. [235]
Anna married Nathan Bloom [236] in Denver on May 28, 1911. [237] The couple divorced less than a year later on January 30, 1912. [238]
Harry married Rose Goodman in Denver on April 23, 1913. [239] The couple had one son, Jack (b. 1915), and remained in the Denver area where Harry worked as a telegraph operator. [240] Harry died from unknown causes on February 6, 1961. Both he and Rose are interred at Golden Hill Cemetery in Lakewood, Colorado. [241]
Pauline married Morey Kartusky at Littleton, Colorado, on October 15, 1917. [242] Similar to her sisters Fannie and Anna, the union ended. Pauline divorced her husband after less than one year of marriage on September 9, 1918. [234]
Evidence suggests that Sam was quite successful in Leadville. His advertisements are highlighted throughout Temple Israel Museum’s literature and exhibition material today.
1896 advertisement for Sam Jacob’s clothing operation.
Courtesy of the Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection.
“Sam Jacob’s Grand Offer!”. Leadville, Colorado. USA. Herald Democrat. January 8, 1896. Page 7.
Marcus Jacobs
Born: 1848, Austria-Hungary
Died: 1933, Denver
Rebecca Jacobs
Born: 1858, Austria-Hungary.
Died: April 29, 1936, Denver
Dora (Jacobs) Flaks (wife of Elder Abraham Flaks: b. 1869)
Born: October 12, 1876, Austria-Hungary
Died: January 12, 1961, Denver
Harry Jacobs
Born: 1878, Austria-Hungary
Died: 1930, Denver
Marcus Jacobs, a Jewish-Hungarian immigrant and shoemaker, arrived in the United States along with his wife, Rebecca, and their two young children Dora and Harry during 1884. [244] The family’s Leadville story actually began during 1891 when Abraham Flaks, [245] a Leadville tailor, moved to Denver and took a position with C.H. Taisey & Co. [246] Abraham would later meet Marcus and Rebecca Jacobs’ daughter Dora and the couple married on June 20, 1894. [247] By early 1895, Dora and Abraham Flaks had removed to Leadville. [248]
Dora Flak’s parents and her brother, Harry Jacobs, moved from Denver [249] to Leadville during 1897; Marcus, a cobbler by trade, had opened his own shoe shop at 105 W. 2nd Street across the thoroughfare from the Flaks’ tailoring shop located at 106 W 2nd. The couple would join Dora and Abraham in their home at 201 W. 5th Street. [250] By 1898, Rachel and Marcus had relocated to their own digs at 223 W. 6th Street. [251] The couple moved to 309 W. 3rd Street during 1899, the first year Harry had his own directory entry listing him as living at home and working as a peddler. [252]
During 1900, Harry was still shown residing at his parents’ home. The city directory listed his occupation as a “huckster,” which at that time may have carried a negative connotation. However, the term’s primary definition was a peddler who sold groceries as a street vendor. Marcus continued to make shoes. [253] Harry is not recorded in the family home at the time of the 1900 United States Census. Curiously, Dora appears as Dora Jacobs dwelling at her parents’ home on 309 W. 3rd Street, [254] and as Dora Flaks residing with her husband Abraham and her three daughters in their own home at 201 W. 5th Street. [255] By 1901 Harry disappeared from city directories and Marcus was running a fruit and confectionary stand at 1081/2 Harrison Avenue. [256]
During 1901, Marcus continued his main vocation as a peddler but also pursued mining. The first mention of this transition surfaces during his arrest on December 12, 1901:
TOOK MINING TIMBER- John Lindgrove had Constable Stewart to arrest M[arcus] Jacobs yesterday on the charge of petit larceny. Lindgrove claims that Jacobs has for some time past made a practice of cutting and carrying away timber from certain mining property in Birdseye gulch belonging to Lindgrove. The case will be tried before Justice Swanson. [257]
No information as to the disposition of the case has been uncovered.
In November of 1901, Marcus filed three mining claims in the area. [258] This concurs with the period when tracking the Jacobs’ family proves more difficult. Marcus was listed as a peddler in the 1902 Leadville city directory; Rebecca, however, starts appearing in Denver at this time. [259] Harry eventually followed and had his own Denver residence by 1907. [260] Abe and Dora Flaks relocated to Denver by 1911, about the time Harry became a tailor; a trade he probably learned from his brother-in-law. [261]
Marcus’s movements are a bit cloudy over the next decade. On March 18, 1903, he was naturalized as a United States citizen at the Lake County Courthouse in Leadville. [262] It is likely that he stayed mining in the area. Harry probably joined him in Leadville from 1903 to 1907 during which time Rebecca had permanently moved to Denver. While Marcus’s whereabouts eludes documentation for about ten years, he does materialize in Denver operating a grocery enterprise at 1301 Elati Street in 1914. [263] It is possible the family had reunited at this time.
Marcus, Rebecca, and Harry stayed in Denver for the rest of their lives. Harry’s final listing in the Denver city directory was in 1929; he is still documented as a tailor. [264] No newspaper references can be found reporting the exact date or cause for Harry’s death at the age of fifty-two in 1930, [265] but the Intermountain Jewish News did note that he had been recovering from a recent illness during that January. [266]
Marcus would follow in 1933. Three years later on April 29, 1936, Rebecca Jacobs would also pass away from unknown causes.
Dora and her husband, Abe Flaks, remained in Denver for the rest of their lives. Abe’s life would end, marking another three-year cycle for Dora’s family, on September 18, 1939. [267] Dora was enumerated in the 1950 United States Census still living in Denver with her two daughters, Minnie and Tillie Flaks, neither of whom married. [268] Dora died in Denver from unknown causes on January 12, 1961. [269] She is interred next to Abe at Aurora’s Mount Nebo Memorial Park. [270]
A tribute to their recently passed family members from Dora and Abe Flaks was documented in the November 10, 1933, edition of the Intermountain Jewish News.
Beth Israel Flower Fund Contributors. (Denver, Colorado: Intermountain Jewish News). November 10, 1933. Page 7.
Obituary for Rebecca Jacobs in the Intermountain Jewish News, May 1, 1936.
Obituaries. (Denver, Colorado: Intermountain Jewish News). May 1, 1936. Page 2.
The trio of Harry, Marcus, and Rebecca Jacobs rest side by side by side at Mount Nebo Memorial Park in Aurora, Colorado.
Find a Grave, [Database and Images]. Memorial Page for Harry Jacobs (1878–1930). Aurora, Colorado.
Marlon Jacobs
Born: Unknown
Died: Unknown
The only reference to Marlon Jacobs in Leadville is his appearance at the Purim Bal Masque on February 25, 1892, where he dressed as the “Wandering Jew,” [271] perhaps a whimsical commentary on his lifestyle.
1 "United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch A. Jacobs, Leadville, Lake, Colorado, United States; citing enumeration district ED 78 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0091; FHL microfilm 1,254,091.
2 Ancestry.com. Ohio, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1774-1993 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016.
3 Records of the Internal Revenue Service. Record Group 58. The National Archives at Washington, DC.
4 A. Jacob & Co.’s Column. (Central City, CO: Daily Mining Journal). April 8, 1865. P3.
5 TB Corbett and WC Hoye. Corbet, Hoye & Co’s Fifth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1877. (St. Louis, MO: St. Jospeh Steam Printing Company. 1887). P147.
6 Trevor Mark. “Weisbart”. Leadville, CO: Temple Israel Foundation. 2018.
7 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Eighth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1880. Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. Denver, CO; USA. 1880. P213.
8 For more information on the Shoenberg family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/shoenberg.html
9 TB Corbett, WC Hoye and JH Ballenger. Corbet, Hoye and Co’s First Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville for 1880. (Leadville, CO: Democrat Printing Company. 1880). P328.
10 Year: 1880; Census Place: Leadville, Lake, Colorado; Roll: 91; Page: 314C; Enumeration District: 073 Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved.
11 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Ninth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1881. (Denver, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers.1881).. P293.
12 Year: 1880; Census Place: Denver, Arapahoe, Colorado; Roll: 88; Page: 169A; Enumeration District: 008
13 For more information on the Cohen family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/cohen.html
14 Land Office Business. (Leadville CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). September 29, 1883. P8.
15 A. Jacobs & Co.. (Leadville, Co. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). November 18, 1883. P4.
16 Cause Of Diseases. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). November 21, 1889. P2.
17 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twelfth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Denver for 1884. (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Internet Archive. 2011). P369.
18 Ancestry.com. U.S., Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current [Database On-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.
19 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
20 Jeanne Varnell, “Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame”. [ISBN 1-55566-214-5]. Boulder: Johnson Press. 1999.
21 Year: 1910; Census Place: Denver Ward 9, Denver, Colorado; Roll: T624_116; Page: 7B; Enumeration District: 0114; FHL microfilm: 1374129
22 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
23 Find a Grave. [Database and Images]. Memorial Page for Abraham Jacobs (18 Aug 1835–29 Apr 1913). Denver, Colorado, USA. 2023.
24 For more information on Abson Goldsol, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/goldsoll.html
25 Year: 1880; Census Place: Leadville, Lake, Colorado; Roll: 91; Page: 313A; Enumeration District: 073 Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc.
26 For more information on Barnabas Harris and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/harris.html#barnabas
27 For more information on Daniel Cohn and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/cohn.html
28 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Eighth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1880). Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. Denver, CO; USA. 1880. P111.
29 Police Court. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). March 22, 1881. P1.
30 TB Corbett, WC Hoye and JH Ballenger. Corbet, Hoye and Co’s First Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville for 1880. (Leadville, CO: Democrat Printing Company. 1880). P328.
31 "United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch J. Jacobs, Leadville, Lake, Colorado, United States; citing enumeration district ED 78 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0091; FHL microfilm 1,254,091.
32 For more information on Joseph Shoenberg and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/shoenberg.html
33 Corbett and Ballenger. Denver, CO; USA. 1880.. Pp 201 & 328.
34 Corbett and Ballenger. Leadville, CO; USA. 1881.. P169.
35 For more information on Louis Braham and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/braham.html
36 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Thrid Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville for 1882. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers.1882). P166.
37 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Fourth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms Etc. in The City Of Leadville for 1883. (Denver, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers.1883). P159.
38 For more information on Sol Levy and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/levy.html
39 Mining Industry. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). April 28, 1883. P8.
40 Personal. (Leadville, CO: Carbonate Chronicle). February 7, 1885. P3.
41 For more information on David May and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/may.html
42 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Seventh Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1886. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers). 1886. P150.
43 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Sixth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1887. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. 1887). P155.
44 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Ninth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1888. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1888). P150.
45 Day’s Diary. (Aspen, CO: The Aspen Daily Chronicle). June 26, 1890. P4.
46 Festival and Hop. (Leadville, CO: Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). June 10, 1886. P3.
47 Ancestry.com. New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Death Index, 1862-1948 [Database On-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
48 New York State Archives; Albany, New York; State Population Census Schedules, 1905; Election District: A.D. 12 E.D. 09; City: Manhattan; County: New York; P61.
49 Ballenger and Richards. Leadville, CO; USA. 1889. P147.
50 “Stringtown” was a Leadville neighborhood that was located on the south side along modern-day U.S. 24.
51 Went Through Him. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). August 6, 1889. P2.
52 Threatening To Kill. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). October 22, 1889. P3.
53 A Row In The Jail. (Leadville, CO: The Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). October 22, 1889. P1.
54 For more information about Nathan and Minnie Miller and their family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/miller.html
55 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Thirteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1892. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1892). P192.
56 Ballenger and Richards. Leadville, CO. USA. 1892. P151.
57 For more information on Nathan Miller and his family, please visit http://www.jewishleadville.org/miller.html
58 Police Court Pickings. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). June 2, 1892 P8.
59 Matt Hulstine. “Miller”. Leadville, CO. USA. Temple Israel Foundation. 2016.
60 Notice Of Dissolution Of Partnership. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). June 6, 1892. P7.
61 New York City Department of Records & Information Services; New York City, New York; New York City Death Certificates; Borough: Bronx; Year: 1923
62 New York State Archives; Albany, New York; State Population Census Schedules, 1915; Election District: 07; Assembly District: 31; City: New York; County: New York; P19.
63 Year: 1900; Census Place: Manhattan, New York, New York; Roll: 1088; Page: 1; Enumeration District: 0167.
64 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [Database On-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
65 Ancestry.com. U.S., Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current [Database On-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.
66 Positive Facts. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). September 25, 1889. P5.
67 The Fire Department. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Weekly Herald). January 1, 1881. P4.
68 Corbett, Hoye and Ballenger. Leadville, CO. 1880. P202.
69 Corbett and Ballenger. Leadville, CO; USA. 1881. P169
70 Death Of Sam Jacobs. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). March 25, 1893. P7.
71 Shaws. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 19, 1883. P4.
72 Social. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 25, 1880. P4.
73 Another Incendiary Fire. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). April 8, 1881. P1.
74 Personal Points. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Democrat). April 9, 1881. P8.
75 Mining Transfers. (Leadville, Co. USA. Leadville Weekly Herald). May 28, 1881. P6.
76 Affection’s Token. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 4, 1881. P4.
77 For more information on Hiram Brodie and the Goldstein & Brodie jewelry enterprise, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/brodie.html
78 Selected Social Scraps. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 30, 1881. P4.
79 Corbett and Ballenger. Leadville, CO; USA. 1882. P166.
80 The Catholic Fair. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 4, 1882. P4.
81 Tabor Hose Company. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). February 5, 1882. P1.
82 Leadville, Laconics. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). April 7, 1882. P4.
83 For more information on Reinhold Rosendorf, please visit http://www.jewishleadville.org/rosendorf.html
84 For more information on J.A. Kamak and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/kamak.html
85 For more information on Reuben Weil, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/weil.html
86 For more information on Fred Butler and his family, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/butler.html
87 For more information on Maurice Zippert, please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/zippert.html
88 Our Baseball Club. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). May 2, 1882. P1.
89 Base Ball Meeting. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). June 3, 1883. P1.
90 Coals Of Fire. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). July 18, 1882. P4.
91 Among The Firemen. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). August 4, 1883. P5.
92 Chips. (Leadville, Co. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). February 6, 1883. P3.
93 Destructive Fire. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). September 15, 1883. P7.
94 Lewis Lyon’s Reception. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). October 31, 1882. P4.
95 Personal. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 12, 1882. P4
96 District Court. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). October 12, 1882. P4.
97 Don L Griswold, and Jean Harvey Griswold, History of Leadville And Lake County, Colorado: From Mountain Solitude To Metropolis. Vol. 1. Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society, 1996. P965-69.
98 Jeffrey Grant. “Rosendorf”. Leadville, CO. USA. Temple Israel Foundation. 2017.
99 Jeffrey Grant. “Zippert”. Leadville, CO. USA. Temple Israel Foundation. 2018.
100 Griswold. Colorado Historical Society. 1996. P969.
101 Indignation Meeting. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). May 21, 1882. P4.
102 City Council. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). May 24, 1882. P1.
103 Griswold. Colorado Historical Society. 1996. P970.
104 The Firemen’s Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). October 25, 1888. P3.
105 A Love Feast. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). March 24, 1883. P2.
106 A Large Fire. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 7, 1882. P4.
107 Deadly Attack. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 28, 1882. P4.
108 Mince Meat. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). July 22, 1882. P4.
109 "1882 Chicago White Stockings Season." Wikipedia. August 28, 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882_Chicago_White_Stockings_season.
110 "Providence Grays." Wikipedia. August 29, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Grays
111 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Fourth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms Etc. in The City Of Leadville for 1883. (Denver, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers.1883). P159.
112 Hebrew Ladies’ Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). January 20, 1883. P4.
113 Conglomerate. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 24, 1883. P4.
114 Purim. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). March 23, 1883. P4.
115 Hearty Endorsement. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). March 29, 1883. P4.
116 The Billiard Match. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). May 12, 1883. P5.
117 The Raymond. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). June 2, 1883. P8.
118 Land Office Business. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). May 9, 1883. P5.
119 The Carrier Pigeons. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). May 10, 1883. P4.
120 The Sixth Annual Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). October 9, 1884. P4.
121 The Fireman’s Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). October 11, 1888. P3.
122 Lottes Kreezdorn. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). December 2, 1883. P6.
123 Selected Social Scraps. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville, Daily Herald). December 30, 1883. P4.
124 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Fifth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1884. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. 1884). P145.
125 Jacobs In Jeopardy. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). October 30, 1883. P2.
126 Joyless Jacobs. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). September 5, 1884. P4.
127 Tuesday’s Tickings. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). January 12, 1884. P4
128 Sam Jacobs. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 29, 1884. P1.
129 Tuesday Night’s Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). March 15, 1884. P5.
130 The Policeman’s Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). March 24, 1884. P7.
131 The Hebrew Festival. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). June13, 1884. P4
132 The P.O.S. of A. Doings. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). July 6, 1884. P4.
133 The Letter Carrier’s Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). May 17, 1884. P12.
134 The Law’s Holiday. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). October 11, 1884. P6.
135 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Sixth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1885. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers.1885). P145.
136 The Hebrew Ladies. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). June 13, 1885. P2.
137 Hebrew Hop. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). September 26, 1885. P4.
138 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Seventh Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1886. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers). 1886. P150.
139 Cupid’s Conquest. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). January 25, 1886. P3.
140 Republican Primaries. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). March 20, 1886. P1.
141 The Purim Bal Masque. (Leadville, CO; USA. Herald Democrat). March, 25, 1886. P4.
142 Sanctioned By Silver. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). October 10, 1886. P4.
143 Personal. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). December 21, 1886. P2.
144 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Sixth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Leadville For 1887. (Leadville, CO: Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. 1887). P155.
145 For The Soldiers’ Graves. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). May 30, 1888. P7.
146 Tabor Hose Meeting. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). May 23, 1887. P4.
147 Fire Laddies Laid Out. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). August 4, 1887. P3.
148 Pleasant Presentation. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). October 8, 1887. P4.
149 Designated Delegates. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). March 9, 1887. P4.
150 Badge Presentation. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). June 6, 1887. P4.
151 Positive Facts. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). August 31, 1887. P3.
152 Celebration Of Simchos. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat).. October 11, 1887. P3.
153 Personal. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). November 1, 1887. P3
154 The Aldermanic Meeting. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). November 23, 1887. P4.
155 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Ninth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1888. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1888). P150.
156 For more information on the Shoenberg family, please visit: http://jewishleadville.org/shoenberg.html
157 For more information on the Baer family, please visit: http://jewishleadville.org/baer.html
158 Banquetting The Brides. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). February 4, 1888. P4.
159 Mr. Jacob’s Joke. (Leadville, Colorado. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 26, 1888. P5.
160 Firemen’s Tournament Talk. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). March 28, 1888. P3.
161 A Significant Circumstance. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). November 3, 1888. P4.
162 A Most Novel Wager. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). November 24, 1888. P4.
163 On Roudebush. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 2, 1888. P3.
164 Fourth Of July Celebration. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 5, 1888. P8.
165 Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Weekly Herald. April 10, 1880. P2.
166 “The Indians Jubilant”. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle. July 12, 1888. P8.
167 “Building Going On”. Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle. July 28, 1888. P5.
168 “Great Leadville Staple”. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 13, 1888. P5.
169 Great Leadville Staple. (Leadville, CO: Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 13, 1888. P5.
170 Leadville Weekly Herald. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Weekly Herald). April 10, 1880. P2.
171 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Tenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1889. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers). 1889. P147.
172 For more information on Sigmond Simon, please visit: http://jewishleadville.org/simon.html
173 Fully Exonerated. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). July 15, 1889. P3.
174 A Pleasant Social. (Leadville, CO: Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 12, 1889. P3.
175 A Pleasant Social. (Leadville, CO: Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 12, 1889. P3.
176 Personal. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). July 12, 1889. P8.
177 For the sake of clarity, a “gentlemen’s club”, in Victorian era culture was a house for gaming, drinking and smoking, not the modern strip club we use the term for in modernity.
178 Mining Matters. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). August 5, 1889. P2.
179 Firemen’s Tournament. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). August 13, 1889. P4.
180 An Important Meeting. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). September 13, 1889. P4.
181 A Dead-Lock. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Evening Chronicle). September 19, 1889. P4.
182 The Simchath Tora Ball. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). October 19, 1889. P4.
183 Merry Masqueraders. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). October 31, 1889. P7.
184 His First Bear. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). October 21, 1889. P6.
185 Positive Facts. (Leadville, CO. USA. Carbonate Chronicle). November 11, 1889. P1.
186 A New Manager. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). September 13, 1890. P5.
187 The Rialto. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). March 11, 1890. P4.
188 Ballenger and Richards. Leadville, CO; USA. 1890. P217.
189 A Grand Free Turkey Lunch. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). March 6, 1890. P8.
190 Dissolution Notice. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). May 16, 1890. P3.
191 Hotels And Personals. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). March 13, 1890. P4.
192 Dissolution Notice. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). May 16, 1890. P3.
193 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twelfth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1891. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers. 1891). P148.
194 Fire Ladies Night. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). November 3, 1891. P5.
195 Mahnke-Scheer Nuptials. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). April 7, 1889. P5.
196 Appointed Head Housekeeper. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). June 10, 1892. P7.
197 In The Social World. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). June 19, 1892. P5.
198 Resolutions Of Condolence. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). April 16, 1893. P5
199 Well Known Here. (Leadville, Colorado. USA. Herald Democrat). March 25, 1893. P1.
200 A Narrow Escape. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 13, 1882. P4.
201 Retrospection. (Leadville, CO. USA. Leadville Daily Herald). January 1, 1883. P5.
202 Jeffrey Grant: Visited current Elks Lodge 236 in Leadville on August 30, 2018 and was permitted in their meeting room to examine exhibits.
203 Was A Lodge Of Sorrow. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). December 5, 1893. P5
204 About People You Know. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). April 30, 1893. P4.
205 They Robbed A Woman. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). November 9, 1894. P2.
206 Personal Mention. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). February 19, 1895. P6.
207 Year: 1900; Census Place: Denver, Arapahoe, Colorado; Roll: 118; Page: 8; Enumeration District: 0065.
208 JH Ballenger and Will E. Richards. Ballenger & Richards’ Thirty-sixth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1908. (Denver, CO: Ballenger Publishers. 1908). P709.
209 Year: 1910; Census Place: Chicago Ward 7, Cook, Illinois; Roll: T624_247; Page: 4A; Enumeration District: 0383; FHL microfilm: 1374260.
210 Cyril O. Kusel, and Margret A. Kusel. “Kusel Family History”. Miami, FL. USA. January 19, 1973. Pp 2-3.
211 Maria’s internment in the Cohen mausoleum is noted in Cyril and Margret Kusel’s family biography written in 1973: Kusel Family History. Miami, FL. USA. January 19, 1973. Sam’s internment was confirmed by a Waldheim cemetery employee during a phone interview on September 28, 2018.
212 Year: 1870; Census Place: Central City, Gilpin, Colorado Territory; Roll: M593_95; Page: 270A; Family History Library Film: 545594
213 Ballenger and Richards. 1890. Provo, UT. 2011. P642.
214 The National Archives at Washington, D.C.; Washington, D.C.; Record Group Title: Records of the Bureau of the Census, 1790 - 2007; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M158; NARA Roll Number: 2
215 Ancestry.com. New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Birth Index, 1878-1909 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
216 New York City Department of Records & Information Services; New York City, New York; New York City Birth Certificates; Borough: Manhattan; Year: 1891.
217 The National Archives at Washington, D.C.; Washington, D.C.; Record Group Title: Records of the Bureau of the Census, 1790 - 2007; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M158; NARA Roll Number: 2
218 Ballenger and Richards. Leadville, CO; USA. 1892. P151.
219 A Pleasant Affair. (Leadville, CO: Herald Democrat). July 1, 1892. P5.
220 James Nelson Funeral Book. Book No. 2. Page No. 47. Colorado Mountain History Collection at the Lake County Public Library. Leadville, CO. USA.
221 Berries And Ice Cream. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat).. June 16, 1893. P2.
222 For more information on the Ehrlich family please visit: http://www.jewishleadville.org/ehrlich.html
223 Samuel In Salt Lake. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). January 6, 1894. P5.
224 For more information on Samuel Ehrlich and his arrest, please see http://www.jewishleadville.org/ehrlich.html .
225 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Fifteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1894. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers. 1894). P147.
226 After Happy Holidays. (Leadville, Co. USA. Herald Democrat). January 7, 1894. P5.
227 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Sixteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1895. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers). 1895. P154.
228 Removed To Victor. (Leadville, CO. USA. Herald Democrat). February 1, 1896. P8.
229 Year: 1900; Census Place: Newark Ward 3, Essex, New Jersey; Roll: 963; Page: 8; Enumeration District: 0029.
230 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Thirtieth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Denver for 1902. (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Internet Archive 2011). P306.
231 TB Corbett and JH Ballanger, Corbet, and Ballenger’s Thirty-Second Annual City Directory: Containing A Complete List Of The Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms Etc. In The City Of Denver For 1905. Corbet and Ballenger Publishers. Denver, CO; USA. 1905. P637.
232 Synagogue School Gives Interesting An Play. (Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain News). December 20, 1903. P30.
233 Year: 1920; Census Place: Newark Ward 3, Essex, New Jersey; Roll: T625_1032; Page: 23A; Enumeration District: 123
234 Ancestry.com. Colorado, County Marriage Records and State Index, 1862-2006 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016.
235 Year: 1920; Census Place: Seattle, King, Washington; Roll: T625_1929; Page: 7B; Enumeration District: 272.
236 Marriage Licenses. (Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain News). May 23, 1911. P10.
237 Denver Public Library. Colorado Marriages 1858-1939. Denver, CO. USA. The Colorado Genealogical Society. 2004. P10.
238 Ancestry.com. Colorado, Divorce Index, 1851-1985 [Database On-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.
239 Ancestry.com. Colorado, County Marriage Records and State Index, 1862-2006 [Database On-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016.
240 Year: 1930; Census Place: Denver, Denver, Colorado; Page: 15B; Enumeration District: 0034; FHL microfilm: 2339968.
241 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [Database On-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
242 Ancestry.com. Colorado, County Marriage Records and State Index, 1862-2006 [Database On-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016.
243 Ancestry.com. Colorado, Divorce Index, 1851-1985 [Database On-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2015.
244 Year: 1930; Census Place: Denver, Denver, Colorado; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 0034; FHL microfilm: 2339968.
245 For more information on the Flaks family, please visit: http://jewishleadville.org/flaks.html
246 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Nineteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Denver for 1891. (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Internet Archive. 2011). Pp 523 & 832.
247 Denver Public Library. Colorado Marriages 1858-1939. Denver, CO. USA. The Colorado Genealogical Society. 2004. P6596.
248 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Sixteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1895. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers). 1895. P122.
249 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Twenty-fourth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1896. (Denver, CO: Ballenger Publishers. 1896). P568.
250 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Eighteenth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1897. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers. 1897). Pp. 129, 164 & 299.
251 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twenty-fifth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Denver for 1897. (Denver, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers. 1897). P158.
252 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twentieth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1899. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1899). P174.
253 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twenty-First Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1900. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1900). P187&188.
254 Year: 1900; Census Place: Leadville, Lake, Colorado; Roll: 125; Page: 17; Enumeration District: 0046
255 Year: 1900; Census Place: Leadville, Lake, Colorado; Roll: 125; Page: 12; Enumeration District: 0046
256 JH Ballenger and Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Twenty-Second Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Leadville for 1901. (Leadville, CO: Ballenger and Richards Publishers.1901). P192.
257 Took Mining Timber. (Leadville, CO: Herald Democrat). December 13, 1901. P6.
258 Filed For Record. (Leadville, CO: Herald Democrat). November 6, 1901. P5.
259 JH Ballenger and Will E. Richards. Ballenger & Richard’s Thirtieth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City of Denver for 1902. (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Internet Archive 2011). P578.
260 JH Ballenger and Will E. Richards. Ballenger & Richards’ Thirty-fifth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1911. (Denver, CO: Ballenger Publishers. 1911). P675.
261 TB Corbett and JH Ballenger. Corbet, and Ballenger’s Thirty-ninth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1911. (Denver, CO: Ballenger Publishers. 1911). P524 & 755.
262 Naturalization Card File Index, Hare, Thomas P - Jersin, John, Ca 1880-1906.
263 JH Ballenger and Will E. Richards. Ballenger & Richards’ Thirty-fifth Annual City Directory: Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. in The City Of Denver for 1914. (Denver, CO: Ballenger Publishers. 1914). P1076.
264 The Gazetteer Co. Inc. Denver Directory Vol. LVII 1929 Containing a Complete List of the Inhabitants, Institutions, Incorporated Companies, Manufacturing Establishments, Business, Business Firms etc. (Denver, CO: The Gazetteer Printing & Publishing Company). 1929. P1341.
265 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
266 Social And Personal. (Denver, CO: Intermountain Jewish News). January 31, 1930. P2.
267 Find a Grave. [Database and Images]. Memorial Page for Abraham Flaks (7 Nov 1869–18 Sep 1939). Find a Grave Memorial ID 95653119, citing Mount Nebo Memorial Park, Aurora, Arapahoe County, Colorado, USA; (contributor 47003950).
268 Population Schedules for the 1950 Census, 1950 - 1950. NAID: 43290879. Records of the Bureau of the Census, 1790 - 2007, Record Group 29. National Archives at Washington, DC., Washington, DC.
269 JewishGen, comp. JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
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Year: 1870; Census Place: Central City, Gilpin, Colorado Territory; Roll: M593_95; Page: 270A; Family History Library Film: 545594
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To cite any of the information in this biography, please use the following reference.
AUTHOR: Jeffrey Grant
CONTRIBUTOR: Crystal Turpin
EDITOR: William Korn & Andrea Jacobs
SOURCE: Jewish Surnames/Jacobs
PUBLISHED BY: Temple Israel Foundation. Leadville, CO; USA. 2023
STABLE URL: http://www.jewishledville.org/jacobs.html
